| Meditation is an intensive reflection penetrated deep | | | | state it is necessary to free oneself from this mistaken |
| into. | | | | thinking, that darken clear to its nature consciousness. |
| It implies mind immersion into different objects, | | | | In shastra it is explained that the liberalization from |
| ideas and other that is achieved by means of | | | | these mistaken thoughts means the contemplation of |
| concentration on one object and elimination of all other | | | | something that is out of limits of our thoughts, beyond |
| factors. These factors are both external (sound, light) | | | | verbal reality, it means meditation. |
| and internal ones (physical, emotional and other | | | | In Buddhism this state implies a state in which there are |
| tensions). They are eliminated because they distract | | | | no sensations, there is even no their presence. Here |
| person’ attention. | | | | there is the exceeding the bounds of language |
| Meditation can be also defined as a method of | | | | possibilities. |
| psychological training which takes different shapes | | | | A great attention in shastra is paid to practical |
| according to cultural and historical surroundings. | | | | methods of achieving the enlightenment, among them |
| The appearance of meditation in the west was | | | | two meditative techniques are of mush importance: |
| marked by the quickness and by a great scope. | | | | samadhy and vipassana. Besides these |
| Equally with other methods of psychological | | | | two kinds of meditation there are a great number of |
| techniques, which broaden the consciousness and | | | | meditative techniques in different cultures. |
| allow to exceed all bounds of usual ideas about | | | | The term samadhy in the context of Buddhist |
| ourselves and about the world, many forms of | | | | psychology mans calming the consciousness, all |
| meditation offer things that, obviously, our culture needs | | | | exciting and darkening factors’ ceasing to |
| and that it is lacking. | | | | influence a person’s state of mind. The |
| In spite of guarded attitude of many investigators | | | | essence of samadhy is in concentration, fixation the |
| people are attracted by the possibility of discovering | | | | attention on one object. Beforehand all sensations are |
| and development concealed opportunities, that exceed | | | | brought to minimum as a result of taking one of special |
| the limits of available cultural norms. | | | | state poses and using respiratory techniques. |
| But the absence of scientific comprehension of these | | | | At early stages of meditation there is a tension |
| possibilities as a result cause the disregarding them | | | | between concentration and distracting thoughts, |
| by a great part of science association , convert the | | | | feelings, desires. Stunning experiences, that come as |
| usage of this psychological techniques into a play | | | | a result of application of popular in West techniques of |
| with many unknown aspects, sometimes into | | | | consciousness transformation — beep relaxing, |
| dangerous play. | | | | intensive painful body sensations, live waking dreams |
| That’s why we need some | | | | — all these phenomena come at the first stage |
| cartographies of internal space which are based | | | | of meditation with the use of samadhy method as |
| on further working out the fundamental for | | | | a reaction to restriction of receiving information. |
| psychology questions about the nature of | | | | There are some levels of meditation that are |
| consciousness. | | | | characterized by certain states of mind, namely: |
| East philosophical and psychological studies are | | | | 1. Distracting thoughts are overcome; some other |
| based on the idea of that usual state of | | | | thoughts still remain; consciousness of sensations and |
| human’s consciousness is nothing more than | | | | body. Thoughts of the main object of concentration |
| a thing that can be expressed as some illusion, as | | | | prevail. A feeling of delight, happiness, stability. Bursts |
| waking dream, as awakening, as ignorance. | | | | of light and body lightness. |
| Hinduists call it maya, Buddhists - | | | | 2. Distracting thoughts disappear. Consciousness of |
| samsara. | | | | painful physical states, attentions is strictly directed at |
| The principle object of meditation, as they suppose, | | | | the object of concentration. A feeling of bliss, delight. |
| is the liberation from this illusion, enlightenment, | | | | 3. A feeling of bliss, delight, one-directed position. |
| vision of the world as it is indeed.custom | | | | There are no thought about the object of |
| essayscustom term paperbuy essay | | | | concentration. |
| For about four thousand years, eastern religions | | | | 4. A feeling of bliss, one-directed position and |
| composed cartographies of internal space and | | | | coolness. Delight disappears. |
| worked out some methods of induction some | | | | 5. One-directed position and coolness, a bliss and a |
| states of consciousness, that were much more | | | | feeling of pleasure in body disappear. |
| different from ordinary consciousness. | | | | 6. Consciousness of internal space, coolness and |
| Behind the variety of formulations, that are inevitable | | | | One-directed position. |
| under the circumstances of different cultures, | | | | 7. Consciousness of space without any object or |
| images of world, often means the same | | | | thing. Coolness and One-directed position. |
| way and the same object. | | | | 8. Consciousness of emptiness. |
| Interpretation of these states depend on aims, | | | | 9. No perception and not no perception. |
| expectations, possession of language material. But | | | | Coolness and One-directed position. |
| as the researches show such words as dhiana, | | | | The second well — known kind of |
| samadhy, fana and others which are | | | | meditetion is vipassana. This is a |
| taken from Buddhism; rajah-yogis; suphism; | | | | transcendental analyze of person’s inner world |
| Kabbula; and others imply the same state. | | | | with the help introspective contemplation and |
| In Tibet there are two levels of religion: a study as a | | | | intuitive comprehension. |
| trick directed at achieving some goal and a final | | | | Meditater’s attention is directed at sensations, |
| study where some differences disappear. | | | | feelings, thoughts and reactions corresponding them. A |
| K.Narano and R.Earnsten show that the variety of | | | | person must contemplate all that occurs |
| methods of meditation come to two or three main | | | | to him or his surroundings. He should not |
| types, each of which has its aim of achieving a certain | | | | reject anything as something that is not worthy |
| state of consciousness. These states are of great | | | | to pay attention to. |
| value in eastern cultures. They are connected with | | | | Vipassana is recommended to be carried out always, |
| such ideas as salvation, deliverance from | | | | during various activities in order the enlightened state |
| sufferings, enlightenment, genuine vision. | | | | of mind to become a usual one. The matter is that |
| These meditation techniques are based on specific, | | | | Buddhist science claims that it is a state when different |
| sometimes also similar studies of consciousness, that | | | | usual activities can be possible. |
| are worked out in more detailed form. There should | | | | Speaking of the relationship of brain and |
| be pointed out one of the work of Buddhism literature | | | | meditation we should point out that meditation has |
| where the conception of consciousness is expounded. | | | | tangible psychological and physiological |
| In Buddhism literature consciousness means a source | | | | benefits. It can be proved in neurobiological |
| of higher psychic activity, it implies the condition when | | | | terms by giving insight into consciousn, |
| all psychic functions unite. | | | | feedback methods. It was revealed that |
| These functions include conscious as well as | | | | meditation has greainfluence on the brain, and |
| unconscious ones, and they unite emotional and | | | | human behavior. |
| intellectual processes. | | | | There are various forms of meditation detached a |
| Conscious of a common person is regarded in the | | | | person from desires and objects which cause him |
| unity of two main aspects of existence and | | | | sufferings, allowed a person to separate himself |
| functioning: | | | | from the transitory nature of the world, it should |
| 1. Clear consciousness is a fundamental | | | | be told about two forms of meditation: |
| aspect that at the same time consists of genuine | | | | Transcendental Meditation and Zen meditation. |
| nature and essence of all things and phenomena. | | | | They differ from other types of meditation because |
| It is a constant and invariable base of consciousness. | | | | the involve both mind and body. The examination of |
| 2. Dirty, darken consciousness is a | | | | these meditation methods showed that a body |
| transient and changeable aspect, that makes | | | | can communicate with external as well as with |
| perception illusive. It is possible to get rid of it by | | | | interior world of a person. What happens to the |
| psychic self-regulation, and in such a way to liberate | | | | body has a great impact on person’s mind, his |
| consciousness from its darken influence. | | | | brain. There is undoubtedly a large correlation of |
| The complex of these two aspects is called | | | | physical states with mental states in meditation . |
| consciousness — depository and is regarded | | | | Meditation has tangible physiological and |
| as a constantly changing current of consciousness. | | | | biological effects. Results if the investigation |
| There was framed a hypothesis that the first aspect | | | | showed that during meditation there is some |
| of consciousness correspond to energy of attention | | | | changes: in the areas of the cerebrum which are |
| — consciousness, and that the second aspect | | | | taking part in perception of specific |
| is corresponded with category structures of | | | | information, in the relationship between the two |
| consciousness. | | | | hemispheres. |
| Such conceptions of Buddhist psychology as the | | | | Practice results also revealed such tendencies as |
| conception of consciousness — | | | | increasing EEG coherence; more efficient |
| depository where two aspect at the same time | | | | transformation of information in the brain; lower |
| are not united and are not different, can throw light on | | | | respiration rates; more stable autonomic nervous |
| understanding of the interaction of base consciousness | | | | system; strong stress stability; faster reactions. |
| and category structures of consciousness in western | | | | As a conclusion, there should be pointed that the |
| science. | | | | eastern type of meditation consists |
| According to shastra darken aspect of | | | | of all forms of yogis in India, in China, and implies |
| consciousness forms imprints and traces of past | | | | religious and mystical distracting of individual |
| events, desires, actions, ideas and impressions, the | | | | consciousness in impersonal, looked like a ocean |
| memory of which is kept in consciousness | | | | the absolute. |
| — depository. One of the main of these | | | | These situations are created in different ways for |
| darken formations is a complex I. According to | | | | instance, situation that is realized by the images of |
| Buddhist theory of individual I, neither the | | | | butterflies, or by image of ceasing light of a candle and |
| complex in itself nor its elements do not have any | | | | others. |
| concrete essence and do not have real existence. | | | | There is another interpretation of religious — |
| One of the factors, which darken person’s | | | | mystical tendency of meditation. It was cultivated be |
| consciousness, is discursive logical thinking, that is | | | | the Christianity. This tendency means that meditation |
| based on singling out distinctive features, on | | | | is the unity of two personalities — a |
| conceptualization of things and phenomena of the | | | | human one and a divine personality. |
| reality, which indeed are free from this all. | | | | Nowadays the science of meditation has seen a |
| Darken consciousness sees the world as split | | | | tremendous growth. In 20th century a lot of methods |
| one, divided into individual features and shapes, that | | | | of meditation were worked out. Many science |
| are covered with name labels, taking all this as a | | | | school devoted their work to this question. |
| genuine reality. But shastra says that all states, things, | | | | Methods of meditation have already exceed the |
| events are devoided of all form of description, | | | | bounds of religious and mysterious sphere. Now they |
| definition, of all form of conceptualization. | | | | are widely used in psychology, they are used as a |
| Shastra says that to achieve enlightenment | | | | system of psychophysical training. |